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Binding of RANK ligand (RANKL) to RANK activates the mitogen- activated extracellular- signal related kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal related kinase (ERK) pathway and promotes translocation of NF- . In the mammary gland, activation of RANK appears to be essential for alveolar differentiation during pregnancy, and it is proposed to do this by mediating ovarian hormone signaling resulting in cell division of the RANK expressing basal Ma. SC population . Maintenance of tissue homeostasis during lactation requires paracrine crosstalk between the Ma. SC and CPCs to regulate tissue turnover . In mice, it is believed that this is at least partly regulated by estrogenic signals originating in the estrogen receptor (ER). This feedback mechanism is also demonstrated by experiments showing that RANKL is expressed in RANK. Placental lactogen (PL) also binds the Prl- R to promote proliferation of CPCs and is also required for alveolargenesis. Prl signaling in the mammary epithelium is suppressed by competitive inhibition of placental estrogen and progesterone that are upregulated during pregnancy . Prl and PL activate STAT5, via Jak. Erb. B4, and this pathway is known to be active in late pregnancy and is associated with the period of luminal cell differentiation . Competitive suppression of Prl by estrogen and progesterone occurs during pregnancy and secretory differentiation, and it is alleviated at parturition when circulating placental hormone concentrations rapidly decrease . At this stage, Prl signaling adopts an additional role where it is associated both with activation of milk synthesis in the luminal cells as well as promoting division of CPCs . Likewise, the crosstalk that occurs between CPCs and their differentiated progenies to regulate tissue turnover and milk synthesis during lactation is poorly understood. While animal models, and in particular mice, have been useful in elucidating the endocrine regulation of mammary epithelial cells, there are significant differences that prevent direct extrapolation to humans. Even human explants in immune- compromised mice are unavoidably influenced by the innate mouse endocrine hormones that are different from those in humans . We isolated the basal stem cell marker CD4. ECM) culture in the presence of PAH Prl, PL, and RANKL. The response of PMEC was compared to CD4. HMEC) from nonlactating tissue, the nontumorigenic cell line MCF1. A that is routinely used as the model of “normal” multipotent mammary cells . Briefly, cells isolated from human breastmilk were cultivated in Hu. MEC Ready Media (Life Technologies, NY) for selective growth of PMEC. Adherent cells were subcultured to obtain a pure population of PMEC that were stained for lineage markers CD4. CD1. 0, CD2. 9, CD2. CK5/6, Ep. CAM, Muc. CK1. 4, and CK1. 8 to validate phenotypes. Primary HMECs were obtained from Life Technologies. Cell cultures were grown in Hu. Receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) activation induces several survival signals including nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). Background Receptor activator of NFkB (RANK. Soluble receptors for advanced glycation end products and receptor activator of NF. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.
MEC Ready Media (PMEC and MCF1. A), Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) plus 1. FBS) (Life Technologies; MDA- 2. NH) media (Miltenyi Biotech, NSW, Australia) and maintained in a humidified incubator (3. Three- dimensional alveolar cultures (which we also refer to as “ECM Cultures”) were generated by subcultivation of monolayer cells into Matrigel (Life Technologies, NY) by the “on- top” method . Embelin Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis Induced by Receptor Activator of NF- B Ligand. Embelin Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis Induced by Receptor Activator of.Receptor activator of NF- B ligand. Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF- B) ligand. CellQuest software was. Such proteins are substantially free of. The use of RANKL structural information In molecular modeling software. Ligand for Receptor Activator of NF-kappaB. Fresh media changes were carried out every 4 days with 1. Matrigel in Hu. MEC. For stimulation experiments, cells were cultivated in media containing 1 . Cultures were incubated at 3. When cell structures were clearly dissociated from ECM, the suspension was transferred to a 1. Suspensions were mixed by inversion for 1 minute then centrifuged at 3. The supernatant was removed and the cell pellet was resuspended in 1 ml of 1. M EDTA, transferred to a Microfuge (Beckman Coulter, NSW, Australia) tube and centrifuged at 5. Cells were fixed in 1 ml of 1. Sigma, NSW, Australia) in PBS for 1. Fixed cells were isolated by centrifugation at 5. PBS before antibody staining. Immunofluorescent Antibody Staining. Fixed cells were stained in solution in 1. Antibody dilutions and washes were carried out in staining solution consisting of 2% normal goat serum (NGS; Life Technologies) in 0. Triton X (Sigma) in PBS. Cells were initially blocked and permeabilized in 1. NGS in 0. 1% Triton X in PBS for 3. Cells were washed twice for 2. Finally, cells were washed three times in 0. Triton X in PBS for 2. Pro. Long Gold Antifade Reagent (Life Technologies) on glass microscope slides and sealed with number 1. Pro. Sci. Tech, Qld, Australia). Monoclonal anti- human primary antibodies CD4. CK1. 8, CD1. 0, CD2. CD2. 4, p. 63, CK5/6, Ep. CAM, CK1. 4, and Prl- R were purchased from Ab. Cam, Muc. 1 was purchased from BD Bioscience (NSW, Australia), RANK was purchased from R& D Systems (MN), and p. ERK was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA). Fluorescent secondary antibodies anti- rat AF6. AF4. 88, and anti- rabbit AF5. Molecular Probes. Fluorescent Microscopy and Cell Analysis. Stained cells were visualized using a Nikon A1. Si confocal microscope and data were collected with the Nikon NIS Elements software package. Raw images were exported to 8- bit TIFF files and analyzed using Image. J software. Marker- positive cells were validated using light intensity cutoffs relative to positive and negative control cell samples. Automated positive- cell counts per optical confocal section were collected after adjusting the light intensity threshold for each wavelength empirically on a minimum of three positive and three negative control samples. Cell Proliferation. Cell. Screen (Innovatis AG, Germany) real- time cell growth analysis was used to measure expansion of adherent cell populations by image capture followed by analysis of area occupied by cells. Control cell counts were carried out on representative fields of view to validate that the mean area of individual cells was consistent between measurements and that increase in area was directly proportional to cell number. Cell. Titer- Blue Cell Viability assay (Promega, NSW, Australia) and Cell Proliferation Reagent assay (Roche, Germany) were carried out according to the manufacturers' instructions. Briefly, Cell. Titer- Blue Reagent was added to live cultures at 0. WST- 1 cell proliferation reagent was added to live cultures at 0. All incubations were carried out at 3. Fluorescence and absorbance values were measured on a Fluostar automated plate reader. Von Kossa. Von Kossa staining for calcium deposition was carried out as previously described . Cells were washed three times with PBS before fixation with 1. Cells were washed five times with distilled water before adding 1 ml of 5% silver nitrate (Sigma) and exposing to UV light for 4. Cells were washed five times with distilled water. Sodium thiophosphate (5%) (Sigma) was added for 2 minutes followed by three washes in distilled water. Cells were counterstained with Nuclear fast red (Sigma) for 1 minute and then washed five times with distilled water. Calcium- phosphate deposits stain black, nuclei red, and other tissues pink. Images of the cells were pseudocolored digitally to generate a heat map of intensity of calcification staining. Flow Cytometry. Changes in marker expression of early and late cultures were assessed by flow cytometry using a FACSCanto II flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, CA). The instrument is equipped with 4. BP (Live/Dead Fixable Aqua), 5. BP fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and 6. BP allophycocyanin (APC). The antibody panel included directly conjugated antibodies, CD2. APC, CD4. 9f FITC, CK1. APC (BD Biosciences), and Live/Dead Fixable Aqua (Invitrogen). Isotype controls were used to confirm the specificity of binding. Data were exported as flow cytometry standard (FCS) files and analyzed using Flow. Jo software (Tree. Star, OR). Populations were defined with the following gating strategy; FSC- A versus SSC- A and FSC- A versus FSC- H were used to remove debris and cell doublets, and FSC versus Live/Dead Fixable Aqua to remove dead and autofluorescent cells. Bicolor dot plots (shown in Fig. Statistical Analysis. Cell count data were expressed as the mean . Statistical comparisons were carried out by Graph. Pad Prism. 5 software (Graphpad Software, CA). The Student's t test was used for two- group comparisons. Two- way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Bonferroni's model for multiple comparisons was used for comparison of multiple groups. RESULTSCD4. 9f and CK1. Are Expressed in Separate Populations and Coexpress Other Lineage Markers of Stem or Differentiated Phenotype, Respectively. CD4. 9f and CK1. 8 were clearly distinguishable as separate populations coexpressing mammary stem and differentiated markers, respectively, in all cell populations tested. To validate the phenotype of PMEC, coexpression of other lineage markers previously shown to be expressed in mammary epithelial stem and differentiated cells was measured and is summarized in 1 as a percentage (. Coexpression counts are calculated from nine independent experiments. Each phenotype is described herein purely by expression of CD4. CK1. 8. Prl, PL, and RANKL Promote Proliferation of CD4. Cells from Lactating but Not Nonlactating Tissue in Monolayer Culture. Using real- time analysis of adherent culture growth, we show that in monolayer culture, PMEC number increased steadily before reaching a plateau at day 8 in the absence of PAH (Fig. In the presence of PAH, PMEC entered a second round of proliferation that continued to day 1. Entry into this second round of proliferation was at day 8 for PL and RANKL, and day 1. Prl. HMEC, MCF1. 0A cells, and MDA- 2. PAH, even at higher concentrations (not shown). We observed no synergistic or antagonistic effects when all or any pair of hormones were combined. Expansion of cell number was supported by quantitative cell proliferation assays WST- 1 and Cell. Titer- blue at each day of growth for PMEC (Fig. List of spreadsheet software - Wikipedia. The following is a list of spreadsheets. Free and open source software. It includes spreadsheets to analyze a project's cashflows and viability. 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Build vocabulary, literacy, phonics, & spelling skills with VocabularySpellingCity. Improve vocabulary, a core reading skill, with gamified context-rich.Magnet - Wikipedia. This article is about objects and devices that produce magnetic fields. For a description of magnetic materials, see Magnetism. For other uses, see Magnet (disambiguation). The magnet, made in the shape of a horseshoe, has the two magnetic poles close together. This shape creates a strong magnetic field between the poles, allowing the magnet to pick up a heavy piece of iron. A magnet (from Greek . This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels other magnets. A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An everyday example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. The original Hyper Dimensional Resonator or HDR used a 10K resistor instead of a 15K resistor, and instead of the Radio Shack 1K blue capacitor we now. Free electromagnet papers, essays, and research papers. These results are sorted by most relevant first (ranked search). You may also sort these by color rating. This file is the book of electromagnetics by Sadiku. Elements of electromagnetics sadiku - 3rd ed 1. Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the ones that are strongly attracted to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic). These include iron, nickel, cobalt, some alloys of rare earth metals, and some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone. Although ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials are the only ones attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be commonly considered magnetic, all other substances respond weakly to a magnetic field, by one of several other types of magnetism. Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically . Permanent magnets are made from . To demagnetize a saturated magnet, a certain magnetic field must be applied, and this threshold depends on coercivity of the respective material. Often, the coil is wrapped around a core of . The local strength of magnetism in a material is measured by its magnetization. Discovery and development. Ancient people learned about magnetism from lodestones, which are naturally magnetized pieces of iron ore. The word magnet in Greek meant . Lodestones, suspended so they could turn, were the first magnetic compasses. The earliest known surviving descriptions of magnets and their properties are from Greece, India, and China around 2. I plan to use a DC drive to control an electromagnet. I can adjust the DC voltage to where I can magnetize my electromagnet but What do I have to do to demagnetize.The reason this model says it’s only for North America is that the entire thing is tuned like a tuning fork to the North American household electrical supply of 120. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content. Free nail papers, essays, and research papers. These results are sorted by most relevant first (ranked search). You may also sort these by color rating or essay. The magnetic B field vector at a given point in space is specified by two properties: Its direction, which is along the orientation of a compass needle. Its magnitude (also called strength), which is proportional to how strongly the compass needle orients along that direction. In SI units, the strength of the magnetic B field is given in teslas. For a bar magnet, the direction of the magnetic moment points from the magnet's south pole to its north pole. In SI units, the magnetic moment is specified in terms of A. The strength of the magnetic field it produces is at any given point proportional to the magnitude of its magnetic moment. In addition, when the magnet is put into an external magnetic field, produced by a different source, it is subject to a torque tending to orient the magnetic moment parallel to the field. A magnet may also be subject to a force driving it in one direction or another, according to the positions and orientations of the magnet and source. If the field is uniform in space, the magnet is subject to no net force, although it is subject to a torque. A good bar magnet may have a magnetic moment of magnitude 0. A. Iron can have a magnetization of around a million amperes per meter. Such a large value explains why iron magnets are so effective at producing magnetic fields. Modelling magnets. Field of a cylindrical bar magnet calculated with Amp. The magnet does not have distinct north or south particles on opposing sides. If a bar magnet is broken into two pieces, in an attempt to separate the north and south poles, the result will be two bar magnets, each of which has both a north and south pole. However, a version of the magnetic- pole approach is used by professional magneticians to design permanent magnets. This is a mathematical convenience and does not imply that there are actually monopoles in the magnet. If the magnetic- pole distribution is known, then the pole model gives the magnetic field H. Outside the magnet, the field B is proportional to H, while inside the magnetization must be added to H. An extension of this method that allows for internal magnetic charges is used in theories of ferromagnetism. Another model is the Amp. For a uniformly magnetized cylindrical bar magnet, the net effect of the microscopic bound currents is to make the magnet behave as if there is a macroscopic sheet of electric current flowing around the surface, with local flow direction normal to the cylinder axis. Since opposite poles (north and south) attract, the North Magnetic Pole is actually the south pole of the Earth's magnetic field. For example, one method would be to compare it to an electromagnet, whose poles can be identified by the right- hand rule. The magnetic field lines of a magnet are considered by convention to emerge from the magnet's north pole and reenter at the south pole. Only certain classes of materials can do this. Most materials, however, produce a magnetic field in response to an applied magnetic field . There are several types of magnetism, and all materials exhibit at least one of them. The overall magnetic behavior of a material can vary widely, depending on the structure of the material, particularly on its electron configuration. Several forms of magnetic behavior have been observed in different materials, including: Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials are the ones normally thought of as magnetic; they are attracted to a magnet strongly enough that the attraction can be felt. These materials are the only ones that can retain magnetization and become magnets; a common example is a traditional refrigerator magnet. Ferrimagnetic materials, which include ferrites and the oldest magnetic materials magnetite and lodestone, are similar to but weaker than ferromagnetics. The difference between ferro- and ferrimagnetic materials is related to their microscopic structure, as explained in Magnetism. Paramagnetic substances, such as platinum, aluminum, and oxygen, are weakly attracted to either pole of a magnet. This attraction is hundreds of thousands of times weaker than that of ferromagnetic materials, so it can only be detected by using sensitive instruments or using extremely strong magnets. Magnetic ferrofluids, although they are made of tiny ferromagnetic particles suspended in liquid, are sometimes considered paramagnetic since they cannot be magnetized. Diamagnetic means repelled by both poles. Compared to paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances, diamagnetic substances, such as carbon, copper, water, and plastic, are even more weakly repelled by a magnet. The permeability of diamagnetic materials is less than the permeability of a vacuum. All substances not possessing one of the other types of magnetism are diamagnetic; this includes most substances. Although force on a diamagnetic object from an ordinary magnet is far too weak to be felt, using extremely strong superconducting magnets, diamagnetic objects such as pieces of lead and even mice. Superconductors repel magnetic fields from their interior and are strongly diamagnetic. There are various other types of magnetism, such as spin glass, superparamagnetism, superdiamagnetism, and metamagnetism. Common uses. Magnetic hand separator for heavy minerals. Magnetic recording media: VHS tapes contain a reel of magnetic tape. The information that makes up the video and sound is encoded on the magnetic coating on the tape. Common audio cassettes also rely on magnetic tape. Similarly, in computers, floppy disks and hard disks record data on a thin magnetic coating. This strip encodes the information to contact an individual's financial institution and connect with their account(s). The coil is wrapped around a bobbin attached to the speaker cone and carries the signal as changing current that interacts with the field of the permanent magnet. The voice coil feels a magnetic force and in response, moves the cone and pressurizes the neighboring air, thus generating sound. Dynamic microphones employ the same concept, but in reverse. A microphone has a diaphragm or membrane attached to a coil of wire. The coil rests inside a specially shaped magnet. When sound vibrates the membrane, the coil is vibrated as well. As the coil moves through the magnetic field, a voltage is induced across the coil. This voltage drives a current in the wire that is characteristic of the original sound. Electric guitars use magnetic pickups to transduce the vibration of guitar strings into electric current that can then be amplified. This is different from the principle behind the speaker and dynamic microphone because the vibrations are sensed directly by the magnet, and a diaphragm is not employed. The Hammond organ used a similar principle, with rotating tonewheels instead of strings. Electric motors and generators: Some electric motors rely upon a combination of an electromagnet and a permanent magnet, and, much like loudspeakers, they convert electric energy into mechanical energy. A generator is the reverse: it converts mechanical energy into electric energy by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. Medicine: Hospitals use magnetic resonance imaging to spot problems in a patient's organs without invasive surgery. Chemistry: Chemists use nuclear magnetic resonance to characterize synthesized compounds. Chucks are used in the metalworking field to hold objects. Magnets are also used in other types of fastening devices, such as the magnetic base, the magnetic clamp and the refrigerator magnet. Compasses: A compass (or mariner's compass) is a magnetized pointer free to align itself with a magnetic field, most commonly Earth's magnetic field. Art: Vinyl magnet sheets may be attached to paintings, photographs, and other ornamental articles, allowing them to be attached to refrigerators and other metal surfaces. Objects and paint can be applied directly to the magnet surface to create collage pieces of art. Magnetic art is portable, inexpensive and easy to create. EFL/ESL Teaching Techniques from The Internet TESL Journal. If you would be willing to explain a technique not listed here, please submit it. See the main page for this month's articles.
Dapatkan pengalaman belanja peralatan fotografi (kamera digital, lensa kamera, tripod, dll) lebih cepat, lengkap, dan aman di Focus Nusantara. An expert in a technique, as: a. One whose occupation requires training in a specific technical process: an electronics. 9 (Petra)--More than 300,000 Palestinian men, women and children have been detained in Israeli prisons since the outbreak of the first Intifada on 9 December 1987. |
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